Furnace Operation
Product Quality Improvement With Correct Moisture Measurement in Thermal Processes Using Electrolytic Hygrometers
Moisture analysis at different phases of the heat treat process is crucial as even trace amounts of oxygen and water vapor can lead to oxidation of the materials being processed. This paper explores why moisture reduction is critical and how to properly calibrate and operate an electrolytic hygrometer to monitor moisture in vacuum heat treating.
Method of Calculating Temperature Rise in Self Cooled Transformers
The modes of heat transfer in self-cooled transformers can be explained by simple thermodynamic concepts. The modes of transfer include convection, conduction, and radiation. Before one can understand how to calculate a temperature rise there must be a thorough understanding of these concepts.
Basic Vacuum Practice by Varian
Basic vacuum practices, a primer and basic introduction for vacuum technicians
Assessing Work-Basket Alloys for Vacuum Furnaces
A commercial heat treating company draws on its experience and test results to determine which high-temperature alloys use for vacuum furnace baskets.
High-Velocity Gas Flow Seen as Key to Rapid Quench
Both theoretical calculations and experience indicate that high-velocity gas flow resulting in gas turbulence within the furnace hot zone is the principal factor for rapid quenching. Therefore, a high-volume recirculating gas atmosphere is essential for providing high-cfm flow through the work zone while conserving gas.